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Chapter 1 Introduction：Language and Linguistics 1

1.1 What Is Linguistics? 3

1.2 Is Linguistics a Science? 5

1.3 Branches of Linguistics 7

1.4 Linguistic Theories：Past and Present 9

Chapter 2 A Brief History of Linguistics：An Overview 16

2.0 Introduction 16

2.1 Linguistics in Ancient Times 19

2.1.1 Indian Linguistics 19

2.1.2 Chinese Linguistics 24

2.1.3 Greek Linguistics 27

2.1.4 Roman Linguistics 31

2.2 Linguistics in the Middle Ages 35

2.2.1 Aelfric's Latin Grammar and Colloquium 36

2.2.2 Alexander of Villedieu's Doctrinale 36

2.2.3 The First Grammatical Treatise 37

2.2.4 Scholasticism and Speculative Grammars 37

2.2.5 Logicalisation of Grammar 42

2.2.6 Petrus Hispanus and the Summulae logicales 43

2.3 Linguistics in the Renaissance 46

2.3.1 Hebrew and Arabic 47

2.3.2 European Languages 49

2.3.3 The Port-Royal Grammarians 52

2.3.4 Empiricism and the Reworking of English Grammars 55

2.4 Linguistics in the 18th Century 59

2.4.1 The Discovery of Sanskrit 59

2.4.2 Philosophical and Linguistic Inquiries 61

2.5 Conclusion 67

Chapter 3 The 19th-century Historical and Comparative Linguistics 69

3.0 Introduction 69

3.1 Early Efforts in Historical Linguistics 71

3.2 Rask,Grimm,and Verner 74

3.3 Humboldt and Schleicher 78

3.4 Neogrammarians 86

3.5 Sanskrit and Historical Linguistics 91

3.6 Conclusion 92

Chapter 4 The Beginning of Modern Linguistics 94

4.0 Introduction 94

4.1 Saussure the Man 95

4.2 Historical Background 98

4.2.1 Linguistics 98

4.2.2 Sociology 101

4.2.3 Psychology 105

4.3 The Making of the Course 108

4.4 Saussure and Comparative Linguistics 110

4.5 Saussure's Theory of Language 114

4.5.1 The Arbitrary Nature of the Sign 115

4.5.2 The Linear Nature of the Signifier 118

4.5.3 The Immutable Nature of the Signifier 120

4.5.4 The Nature of Linguistic Units 121

4.5.5 Langue and Parole 125

4.5.6 Synchrony and Diachrony 129

4.6 Saussure's Legacy：Semiology 132

4.7 Conclusion 136

Chapter 5 American Descriptive and Structuralist Linguistics 140

5.0 Introduction 140

5.1 The Founding Stage 142

5.1.1 Franz Boas 142

5.1.2 Edward Satpir 146

5.1.3 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 158

5.2 The Bloomfieldian Age 166

5.2.1 Bloomfield the Man 166

5.2.2 Bloomfield and Behaviourism 168

5.2.3 Bloomfield and his Language 172

5.2.4 Structuralism and Language Teaching 177

5.3 The Post-Bloomfieldian Period 179

5.3.1 Zellig Harris 180

5.3.2 Charles Hockett 190

5.3.3 Kenneth Pike 194

5.4 A Comparison between Traditional and Structural Grammars 200

5.5 Conclusion 201

Chapter 6 Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 203

6.0 Introduction 203

6.1 Chomsky the Man 204

6.2 Chomsky's Philosophy of Language 205

6.2.1 Background 205

6.2.2 What Is Language? 207

6.2.3 The Innateness Hypothesis 208

6.2.4 Universal Grammar and Particular Grammar 212

6.2.5 What Is a Generative Grammar? 213

6.3 The Classical Theory 214

6.4 The Standard Theory 223

6.5 The Extended Standard Theory 229

6.6 Government and Binding Theory 251

6.7 The Minimalist Program and Inquiries 261

6.8 A Comparison between TG Grammar and Structural Grammar 265

6.9 Conclusion 266

Chapter 7 Early Functionalist Linguistics Theories 269

7.0 Introduction 269

7.1 The Prague School 270

7.1.1 Historical Background 270

7.1.2 Theories of Language 272

7.1.3 Phonology and Phonological Opposition 279

7.1.4 Distinctive Features 283

7.1.5 Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP) 286

7.2 The Copenhagen School— 293

7.3 The London School 297

7.3.1 B.Malinowski 299

7.3.2 J.R.Firth 302

7.4 Conclusion 310

Chapter 8 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 312

8.0 Introduction 312

8.1 Halliday the Man 312

8.2 Halliday's Philosophy of Language 314

8.3 Systemic Grammar 316

8.3.1 Entry Conditions 320

8.3.2 Scale of Delicacy 321

8.3.3 Meaning Potential and Realisation 323

8.4 Functional Grammar 324

8.4.1 The Ideational Function 326

8.4.2 The Interpersonal Function 333

8.4.3 The Textual Function 336

8.5 Halliday and Sociolinguistics 339

8.5.1 Language and Social Man 339

8.5.2 Field 342

8.5.3 Tenor 343

8.5.4 Mode 344

8.5.5 Register and Genre 345

8.6 Theoretical Issues 347

8.7 Conclusion 352

Chapter 9 Linguistic Theories in the Latter Half of the 20th Century 355

9.0 Introduction 355

9.1 Stratificational Grammar 355

9.2 Case Grammar 360

9.3 Generative Semantics 367

9.4 Relational Grammar 373

9.5 Montague Grammar 378

9.6 Conclusion 383

Chapter 10 Modern Chinese Linguistics 385

10.0 Introduction 385

10.1 The Beginning Stage 387

10.1.1 The Pioneer：Ma Jianzhong 387

10.1.2 Classical Chinese Grammars 389

10.1.3 Vernacular Chinese Grammars 392

10.2 The Stage of Innovation 394

10.2.1 Pioneers：Wang Li,Chen Wangdao and Fang Guangtao 395

10.2.2 Wang Li：Modern Chinese Grammar 399

10.2.3 Lü Shuxiang：Aspects of Chinese Grammar 401

10.2.4 Gao Mingkai and his On Chinese Grammar 403

10.2.5 Structuralist Chinese Grammars 407

10.3 The Stage of Prosperity 410

10.3.1 Grammar and Language Learning 411

10.3.2 School Grammars 412

10.4 The Stage of Full Development 414

10.4.1 LüShuxiang：Problems of Grammatical Analysis in Chinese 415

10.4.2 Zhu Dexi and Modern Chinese Grammar 418

10.4.3 The Three-Level Analysis 419

10.4.4 The Linguistic Association of China 421

10.4.5 Further Systematic Studies 422

10.5 Chinese Linguistics Overseas 424

10.5.1 Structuralist Chinese Linguistics 425

10.5.2 Transformational-Generative Chinese Linguistics 428

10.5.3 Functionalist Chinese Linguistics 429

10.5.4 The International Association of Chinese Linguistics 431

10.6 Conclusion 432

Bibliography 437

Index 445

后记 455

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