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Unit 1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Rocks 1

1.1 Composition of Rocks 1

1.2 Geological Classification of Rocks 3

Unit 2 Soil Composition and Classification 9

2.1 Soil Composition 9

2.1.1 Weight-volume Relationships 10

2.1.2 Relative Density 11

2.1.3 Particle Size 12

2.1.4 Clays 12

2.1.5 Plasticity and the Atterberg Limits 13

2.2 Soil Classification 14

Unit 3 Influence of Groundwater to Engineering 19

3.1 Pavements 21

3.2 Slopes 22

Unit 4 Site Investigation 26

4.1 Background Literature Search 27

4.2 Field Reconnaissance 28

4.3 Subsurface Exploration and Sampling 28

4.4 Exploratory Borings 28

4.5 Soil Sampling 30

4.6 Groundwater Monitoring 30

4.7 Exploratory Trenches 31

Unit 5 Laboratory Testing of Soils 35

5.1 Introduction 35

5.2 Common Laboratory Tests 36

5.2.1 Index Tests 37

5.2.2 Oedometer 38

5.2.3 Shear Strength Tests 39

5.2.4 Permeability 43

Unit 6 In-situ Testing 47

6.1 Standard Penetration Test（SPT） 47

6.2 Cone Penetration Test（CPT） 49

6.3 Vane Shear Test（VST） 51

6.4 Pressuremeter Test（PMT） 52

6.5 Dilatometer Test（DMT） 52

6.6 Becker Penetration Test 53

6.7 Comparison of In-situ Test Methods 54

Unit 7 Drilling Technology 58

7.1 Classification of Types of Drilling 58

7.2 The Connection to the Bit 58

7.2.1 Transmission of Power 58

7.2.2 Control of the Bit 58

7.2.3 Conduct of Fluid 59

7.2.4 Conduct of Cuttings 59

7.2.5 Drill String Flexibility 60

7.2.6 Tasks Performed Down the Hole 60

7.2.7 The Drill String Gives the Clues 60

7.3 Pipes and Pipe Threads 61

7.3.1 Tubing for Drill Pipe 62

7.3.2 Tubing for Casing 62

7.3.3 Threads 63

7.3.4 Rotary Tool Joints 63

7.3.5 Drill Pipe Failure 64

7.3.6 Correct Make-up Torque 64

7.3.7 Caring for Pipes and Threads 65

7.4 Cable Tool and Hydraulic Drilling 65

7.4.1 Features of Cable Tool Percussion 65

7.4.2 Cable Tool Techniques 68

7.4.3 Other Cable Types 68

7.4.4 Hydraulic Types ofDrilling 69

7.4.5 Suitability of Hydraulic Drilling 70

7.4.6 Essential Cable Tool Drill String Components 71

7.5 Auger Drilling 71

7.5.1 Types of Auger Drilling 71

7.5.2 Applications of Auger Drills 72

7.6 Rotary and Down-hole Hammer Drilling 74

7.6.1 What is Rotary Drilling？ 74

7.6.2 Forms of Rotary Drive 75

7.6.3 Methods of Feeding the Bit 75

7.6.4 Rotary Down-hole Hammer Drilling 77

7.6.5 Rotary Fluid Circulation 77

7.6.6 Reverse Circulation 78

7.6.7 Types and Features of Rotary Rigs 79

7.7 Slim-hole Rotary and Diamond Drilling 79

7.7.1 What is Meant by Slim-hole Rotary Drilling？ 79

7.7.2 Varieties of Slim-hole Core Drilling 80

7.7.3 Diamond Drill Rigs 80

7.7.4 Other Slim-hole Types of Drilling 81

7.8 Drill Rig Parameters 82

Unit 8 Shallow Foundations 89

8.1 Function of Foundations 89

8.1.1 Foundation Engineering 89

8.1.2 Foundation Classification and Selection 91

8.1.3 General Requirements 92

8.1.4 Additional Considerations 93

8.2 Types of Shallow Foundations 94

8.2.1 Introduction 94

8.2.2 Strip Foundations 95

8.2.3 Rafts 97

Unit 9 Deep Foundations 99

9.1 Pile Foundations 99

9.1.1 Steel Piles 100

9.1.2 Concrete Piles 101

9.1.3 Negative Skin Frietion 101

9.1.4 Determination of Negative Skin Friction 102

9.1.5 Pile Groups 103

9.1.6 Pile Spacing 103

9.1.7 Efficiency 104

9.2 Drilled Shaft and Caisson Foundations 105

9.2.1 Types of Drilled Shafts 106

9.2.2 Construction Procedures 107

9.2.3 Types of Caissons 109

Unit 10 Soil Improvements 112

10.1 Methods of Soil Improvements 112

10.1.1 General Principles of Compaction 112

10.1.2 Vibroflotation 114

10.1.3 Sand Drains 115

10.1.4 Lime Stabilization 116

10.1.5 Cement Stabilization 118

10.1.6 Fly Ash Stabilization 119

10.1.7 Stone Columns 119

10.1.8 Sand Compaction Piles 120

10.1.9 Dynamic Compaction 121

10.2 Soil Stabilization 121

Unit 11 Grouting Engineering 128

11.1 Definition 128

11.2 Conceptual Design 128

11.3 Uses of Grouting 129

11.4 Types of Grouting 129

11.5 Assessment of Groutability 131

11.6 Impediments to Effective Grouting 131

11.6.1 Environmental Impact Assessment 132

11.6.2 Spoil and Waste Disposal 133

11.6.3 Site Health and Safety 134

Unit 12 Analyses of Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Structures 136

12.1 Bearing Capacity Failures 136

12.2 Settlement of Structures 141

12.2.1 Introduction 141

12.2.2 Allowable Settlement 143

12.2.3 Collapsible Soil 146

Unit 13 Retaining Structures 150

13.1 Soil Nailing 150

13.2 Landslides 155

Unit 14 Petroleum Drilling 162

14.1 Rotary Drilling 163

14.2 Circulation Systems 165

14.2.1 Direct Circulation 166

14.2.2 Reverse Circulation 167

14.3 Comparison of Mud and Air Drilling 169

14.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 169

14.3.2 Flow Characteristics 170

Unit 15 Trenchless Engineering 180

15.1 Horizontal Directional Drilling 180

15.1.1 Overview 180

15.1.2 Methods 181

15.1.3 HDD Drilling Machines 182

15.1.4 Fluid-assisted Boring 183

15.1.5 Fluid Jet Boring 184

15.1.6 Dry Boring 185

15.1.7 Drill Pipes 186

15.1.8 Drilling Fluids 186

15.1.9 Tracking＆Guidance Systems 187

15.1.10 Ancillary Equipment 189

15.1.11 Latest Developments 189

15.1.12 Summary 190

15.2 Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling 191

15.2.1 Overview 191

15.2.2 Applications 192

15.2.3 Excavation and Spoil Removal in Pipe Jacking 192

15.2.4 Excavation and Spoil Removal in Microtunnelling 193

15.2.5 Excavation and Spoil Removal in Pilot Auger Microtunnelling 194

15.2.6 Jacking Frames 194

15.2.7 Interjacks 195

15.2.8 Ground Conditions 195

15.2.9 Planning 195

15.2.10 Pipes 196

15.2.11 Shafts 197

15.2.12 Summary 198

附录A Introduction to CUGB 203

附录B 希腊字母 215

附录C 符号的读法 215

参考文献 216

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