光学 第4版PDF格式文档图书下载

1．History of Optics 1

References 15

2．What is Light? 17

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 The Corpuscular Model 17

2.3 The Wave Model 19

2.4 The Particle Nature of Radiation 21

2.5 Wave Nature of Matter 22

2.6 The Uncertainty Principle 23

2.7 The Single Slit Diffraction Experiment 24

2.8 The Probabilistic Interpretation of Matter Waves 25

2.9 An Understanding of Interference Experiments 26

2.10 The Polarization of a Photon 28

2.11 The Time-energy Uncertainty Relation 30

Summary 30

Problems 31

Solutions 31

References and Suggested Readings 32

Part 1 Geometrical Optics 34

3．Fermat's Principle and Its Applications 35

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Laws of Reflection and Refraction from Fermat's Principle 36

3.3 Ray paths in an Inhomogeneous Medium 40

3.4 The Ray Equation and its Solutions 44

3.5 Refraction of Rays at the Interface between an Isotropic Medium and an Anisotropic Medium 50

Summary 53

Problems 53

References and Suggested Readings 56

4．Refraction and Reflection by Spherical Surfaces 57

4.1 Introduction 57

4.2 Refraction at a Single Spherical Surface 58

4.3 Reflection by a Single Spherical Surface 59

4.4 The Thin Lens 60

4.5 The Principal FOCI and Focal Lengths of a Lens 61

4.6 The Newton Formula 63

4.7 Lateral Magnification 63

4.8 Aplanatic Points of a Sphere 64

4.9 The Cartesian Oval 66

4.10 Geometrical Proof for the Existence of Aplanatic Points 66

4.11 The Sine Condition 67

Summary 69

Problems 69

References and Suggested Readings 70

5．The Matrix Method in Paraxial Optics 71

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 The Matrix Method 72

5.3 Unit Planes 77

5.4 Nodal Planes 78

5.5 A System of Two Thin Lenses 79

Summary 81

Problems 81

References and Suggested Readings 82

6．Aberrations 83

6.1 Introduction 83

6.2 Chromatic Aberration 83

6.3 Monochromatic Aberrations 86

Summary 94

Problems 94

References and Suggested Readings 95

Part 2 Vibrations and Waves 97

7．Simple Harmonic Motion,Forced Vibrations and Origin of Refractive Index 99

7.1 Introduction 99

7.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 99

7.3 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 103

7.4 Forced Vibrations 105

7.5 Origin of Refractive Index 107

7.6 Rayleigh Scattering 111

Summary 112

Problems 112

References and Suggested Readings 114

8．Fourier Series and Applications 115

8.1 Introduction 115

8.2 Transverse Vibrations of a Plucked String 118

8.3 Application of Fourier Series in Forced Vibrations 119

8.4 The Fourier Integral 120

Summary 121

Problems 122

References and Suggested Readings 122

9．The Dirac Delta Function and Fourier Transforms 123

9.1 Introduction 123

9.2 Representations of the Dirac Delta Function 123

9.3 Integral Representation of the Delta Function 124

9.4 Delta Function as a Distribution 124

9.5 Fourier Integral Theorem 125

9.6 The Two and Three Dimensional Fourier Transform 127

Summary 128

Problems 128

10．Group Velocity and Pulse Dispersion 131

10.1 Introduction 131

10.2 Group Velocity 131

10.3 Group Velocity of a Wave Packet 135

10.4 Self Phase Modulation 141

Summary 143

Problems 144

References and Suggested Readings 145

11．Wave Propagation and the Wave Equation 147

11.1 Introduction 147

11.2 Sinusoidal Waves:Concept of Frequency and Wavelength 149

11.3 Types of Waves 150

11.4 Energy Transport in Wave Motion 150

11.5 The One-dimensional Wave Equation 151

11.6 Transverse Vibrations of a Stretched String 152

11.7 Longitudinal Sound Waves in a Solid 153

11.8 Longitudinal Waves in a Gas 154

11.9 The General Solution of the One-dimensional Wave Equation 155

Summary 159

Problems 159

References and Suggested Readings 160

12．Huygens'Principle and Its Applications 161

12.1 Introduction 161

12.2 Huygens'Theory 161

12.3 Rectilinear Propagation 162

12.4 Application of Huygens'Principle to Study Refraction and Reflection 163

12.5 Huygens'Principle in Inhomogeneous Media 169

Summary 169

Problems 170

References and Suggested Readings 170

Part 3 Interference 171

13．Superposition of Waves 173

13.1 Introduction 173

13.2 Stationary Waves on a String 173

13.3 Stationary Waves on a String Whose Ends are Fixed 175

13.4 Stationary Light Waves:Ives and Wiener's Experiments 176

13.5 Superposition of Two Sinusoidal Waves 176

13.6 The Graphical Method for Studying Superposition of Sinusoidal Waves 177

13.7 The Complex Representation 179

Summary 179

Problems 179

References and Suggested Readings 180

14．Two Beam Interference by Division of Wavefront 181

14.1 Introduction 181

14.2 Interference Pattern Produced on the Surface of Water 182

14.3 Coherence 185

14.4 Interference of Light Waves 186

14.5 The Interference Pattern 187

14.6 The Intensity Distribution 188

14.7 Fresnel's Two-mirror Arrangement 193

14.8 Fresnel Biprism 194

14.9 Interference with White Light 195

14.10 Displacement of Fringes 195

14.11 The Lloyd's Mirror Arrangement 196

14.12 Phase Change on Reflection 196

Summary 197

Problems 197

References and Suggested Readings 198

15．Interference by Division of Amplitude 199

15.1 Introduction 199

15.2 Interference by a Plane Parallel Film when Illuminated by a Plane Wave 200

15.3 The Cosine Law 201

15.4 Non-reflecting Films 203

15.5 High Reflectivity by Thin Film Deposition 205

15.6 Reflection by a Periodic Structure 206

15.7 Interference by a Plane Parallel Film when Illuminated by a Point Source 210

15.8 Interference by a Film with Two Non-parallel Reflecting Surfaces 212

15.9 Colours of Thin Films 215

15.10 Newton's Rings 216

15.11 The Michelson Interferometer 220

Summary 223

Problems 223

References and Suggested Readings 224

16．Multiple Beam Interferometry 225

16.1 Introduction 225

16.2 Multiple Reflections from a Plane Parallel Film 225

16.3 The Fabry-perot Etalon 227

16.4 The Fabry-perot Interferometer 229

16.5 Resolving Power 230

16.6 The Lummer-Gehrcke Plate 233

16.7 Interference Filters 234

Summary 235

Problems 235

References and Suggested Readings 235

17．Coherence 237

17.1 Introduction 237

17.2 The Linewidth 239

17.3 The Spatial Coherence 240

17.4 Michelson Stellar Interferometer 242

17.5 Optical Beats 243

17.6 Coherence Time and Linewidth via Fourier Analysis 245

17.7 Complex Degree of Coherence and Fringe Visibility in Young's Double-hole Experiment 246

17.8 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy 248

Summary 253

Problems 253

References and Suggested Readings 254

Part 4 Diffraction 255

18．Fraunhofer Diffraction:Ⅰ 257

18.1 Introduction 257

18.2 Single-slit Diffraction Pattern 258

18.3 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 262

18.4 Directionality of Laser Beams 264

18.5 Limit of Resolution 269

18.6 Two-slit Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern 271

18.7 N-slit Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern 274

18.8 The Diffraction Grating 277

18.9 Oblique Incidence 280

18.10 X-ray Diffraction 281

18.11 The Self-focusing Phenomenon 285

18.12 Optical Media Technology-an Essay 287

Summary 290

Problems 290

References and Suggested Readings 292

19．Fraunhofer Diffraction:Ⅱ and Fourier Optics 293

19.1 Introduction 293

19.2 The Fresnel Diffraction Integral 293

19.3 Uniform Amplitude and Phase Distribution 295

19.4 The Fraunhofer Approximation 295

19.5 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Long Narrow Slit 295

19.6 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Rectangular Aperture 296

19.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 297

19.8 Array of Identical Apertures 298

19.9 Spatial Frequency Filtering 299

19.10 The Fourier Transforming Property of a Thin Lens 302

Summary 304

Problems 304

References and Suggested Readings 304

20．Fresnel Diffraction 305

20.1 Introduction 305

20.2 Fresnel Half-period Zones 306

20.3 The Zone-plate 308

20.4 Fresnel Diffraction—A More Rigorous Approach 310

20.5 Gaussian Beam Propagation 312

20.6 Diffraction by a Straight Edge 314

20.7 Diffraction of a Plane Wave by a Long Narrow Slit and Transition to The Fraunhofer Region 319

Summary 322

Problems 323

References and Suggested Readings 324

21．Holography 325

21.1 Introduction 325

21.2 Theory 327

21.3 Requirements 330

21.4 Some Applications 330

Summary 332

Problems 333

References and Suggested Readings 333

Part 5 Electromagnetic Character of Light 335

22．Polarization and Double Refraction 337

22.1 Introduction 337

22.2 Production of Polarized Light 340

22.3 Malus'Law 343

22.4 Superposition of Two Disturbances 344

22.5 The Phenomenon of Double Refraction 347

22.6 Interference of Polarized Light:Quarter Wave Plates and Half Wave Plates 351

22.7 Analysis of Polarized Light 354

22.8 Optical Activity 355

22.9 Change in the SoP(State of Polarization)of a Light Beam Propagating Through an Elliptic Core Single Mode Optical Fiber 356

22.10 Wollaston Prism 358

22.11 Rochon Prism 359

22.12 Plane Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 360

22.13 Ray Velocity and Ray Refractive Index 364

22.14 Jones Calculus 366

22.15 Faraday Rotation 367

22.16 Theory of Optical Activity 368

Summary 370

Problems 371

References and Suggested Readings 373

23．Electromagnetic Waves 375

23.1 Maxwell's Equations 375

23.2 Plane Waves in a Dielectric 376

23.3 The Three-dimensional Wave Equation in a Dielectric 378

23.4 The Poynting Vector 379

23.5 Energy Density and Intensity of an Electromagnetic Wave 382

23.6 Radiation Pressure 383

23.7 The Wave Equation in a Conducting Medium 384

23.8 The Continuity Conditions 385

23.9 Physical Significance of Maxwell's Equations 386

Summary 388

Problems 388

References and Suggested Readings 389

24．Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves 391

24.1 Introduction 391

24.2 Reflection at an Interface of Two Dielectrics 391

24.3 Reflection by a Conducting Medium 404

24.4 Reflectivity of a Dielectric Film 405

Summary 406

Problems 407

References and Suggested Readings 408

Part 6 Photons 409

25．The Particle Nature of Radiation 411

25.1 Introduction 412

25.2 The Photoelectric Effect 412

25.3 The Compton Effect 414

25.4 The Photon Mass 418

25.5 Angular Momentum of a Photon 418

Summary 420

Problems 421

References and Suggested Readings 421

Part 7 Lasers ＆ Fiber Optics 423

26．Lasers:An Introduction 425

26.1 Introduction 425

26.2 The Fiber Laser 432

26.3 The Ruby Laser 433

26.4 The He-Ne Laser 435

26.5 Optical Resonators 436

26.6 Einstein Coefficients and Optical Amplification 440

26.7 The Line-shape Function 446

26.8 Typical Parameters for a Ruby Laser 447

26.9 Monochromaticity of the Laser Beam 448

26.10 Raman Amplification and Raman Laser 449

Summary 452

Problems 453

References and Suggested Readings 454

27．Fiber Optics Ⅰ:Basic Concepts and Ray Optics Considerations 455

27.1 Introduction 456

27.2 Some Historical Remarks 456

27.3 Total Internal Reflection 458

27.4 The Optical Fiber 460

27.5 Why Glass Fibers? 461

27.6 The Coherent Bundle 461

27.7 The Numerical Aperture 462

27.8 Attenuation in Optical Fibers 463

27.9 The Attenuation Limit 465

27.10 Pulse Dispersion in Multimode Optical Fibers 465

27.11 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rates 468

27.12 Fiber Optic Sensors 469

Problems 470

References and Suggested Readings 470

28．Fiber Optics Ⅱ:Basic Waveguide Theory and Concept of Modes 471

28.1 Introduction 471

28.2 Te Modes of a Symmetric Step Index Planar Waveguide 472

28.3 Physical Understanding of Modes 475

28.4 Te Modes of a Parabolic Index Planar Waveguide 477

28.5 Tm Modes of a Symmetric Step Index Planar Waveguide 478

28.6 Waveguide Theory and Quantum Mechanics 478

Problems 480

References and Suggested Readings 481

29．Fiber Optics Ⅲ:Single Mode Fibers 483

29.1 Introduction 483

29.2 Basic Equations 483

29.3 Guided Modes of a Step Index Fiber 485

29.4 Single Mode Fiber 488

29.5 Pulse Dispersion in Single Mode Fibers 489

29.6 Dispersion Compensating Fibers 491

Problems 494

References and Suggested Readings 494

Appendix A:Gamma Functions and Integrals Involving Gaussian Functions A 495

Appendix B:Evaluation of the Integral B 497

Appendix C:Diffraction of a Gaussian Beam C 498

Appendix D:TE and TM Modes in Planar Waveguides D 499

Name Index I 509

Subject Index I 501

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